Bull World Health Organ. January 29, 2022 by Sagar Aryal The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Week by week pregnancy (Baby and body development, tips), Human Cardiovascular System- Organs, Functions, Diseases, Human Heart- Location, Anatomy, Structure, Functions, Cell Organelles (Plant, Animal)- Structure, Functions, Diagrams, 16 Types of Microscopes with Parts, Functions, Diagrams, Feezer L. W. (1921). As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. MHK, TG, and HB all participated in the study design and data analysis. The study employed a qualitative ethnographic method informed by Murdocks Theory of Illness. Soc Sci Med. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. The health extension workers also helped to select 96 participants for 10 focus group discussions and 20 individuals (two from each focus groups) were selected purposively for follow-up individual interviews based on their demonstrated knowledge and ability to describe their experiences in the focus groups. The SlideShare family just got bigger. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. Health was attributed by study participants to the will of God/Allah Who sends Melayka (the guardian angel) into peoples homes: Many thanks to Allah! THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. Choosing among five traditions. Philosophy. Qual Health Res. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. This volunteer participatory observation helped him to access research participants and health extension workers working in health institutions. A high level of its acceptance was responsible for the progress in fathoming the nature of diseases leading to a significant decline in the proliferation of diseases. American journal of public health. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Revision of National Health Policy. The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. Diagnosing diseases in African traditional religion. For example, there are beliefs that health problems and/or an illness or death will occur if one gives false witness in front of Jamea (a group of community opinion leaders, usually Muslim clergy). The number of participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12. In: Morse JM, Swansen JM, Kuzel A, editors. 2022 Oct 14;19(20):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217. For example, if someone violated the trust of a significant other or another member of the community, they believed the consequence would be illnesses. The breakthrough came in 1860, when the French bacteriologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air. Careers. It would seem that any apprehensiveness is likely to have been eased, by the generally friendly and mutually respectful rapport most people have with their respective health extension workers. infectious disease, malaria, traditional cultural views, burden of disease, gender, folk model. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Ethiop J Health Dev. 2005;60:691700. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. Predictors of indigenous healer use among Samoans. Google Scholar. Medical anthropology. This . Epub 2021 Nov 26. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. This study explored the indigenous beliefs of ill-health causation among those living in the Tehuledere Woreda /district/ in North East Ethiopia from a socio-cultural perspective. Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. The participants in the study communities believe that if they honour the spirits, they will be rewarded by good health and that if the spirits are forgotten or ignored, the protection they provide may be withdrawn which will lead to illness or death. The respondents in the present study perceived that supernatural forces were the most important cause of ill health. He worked as a Lecturer at St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, from Feb 2015 to June 2019. In my village, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, springs and even unusually shaped stones. 1990;28:6372. Google Scholar. An example cited in most of the focus groups was that of disrespecting elders, Abegar or Sheikh and a link to how that causes illnesses: If people anger the Abegar or sheik, they get hurt by the ones they offended. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted It is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. Would you like email updates of new search results? Social, economic and biological factors interact to drive a vicious cycle of poverty and disease from which, for many people, there is no escape." In short, poverty is instrumental in cultivating conditions that allow disease to spread. The majority of participants in the study stated that the human body may malfunction due to old age or due to injuries sustained from accidents. All focus group discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Amharic. Before 67 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<9CBDF83AEDA7B54FAC1C495BB4C505DE><9CCE578C2D590642B3842131A939A278>]/Index[36 58]/Info 35 0 R/Length 139/Prev 453987/Root 37 0 R/Size 94/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. New York: Oxford University press; 2012. BEINGS Model of disease causation includes Spiritual factors , Social factors & Nutritional factors. hb```DV cc`aa,z0wCV)M\yZT"dRUG>!^pJ4*IHm4 #W}Lg``T PA&cqhd' -`A=L7ppv. In testing our hypothesis on whether cultural beliefs of infant mortality among working mothers in Nigeria would vary by age, education, and income, we used a hierarchical linear regression analysis to better understand the independent effects of each variable. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. Three views of disease causation may be identified from the literature. Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. When we drink it, we contract worms, they twirl in the stomach and give our kids tik, tik [Stomach- ache, salivate and followed by vomiting,] [Male, Study Community # 5]. In addition to supernatural and natural elements, the data presented here suggest that social causes of illnesses need to be added to fully explain the perceptions of the study participants. Privacy Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century, and it is no longer accepted as a scientific theory of disease. This article's focus on disease causation derives from the emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural context of illness that characterizes Africanist scholarship in this field. These postulates enabled the germ theory of disease to achieve dominance in medicine over other theories, such as humors and miasma. The outlook regarding disease causation haschanged considerably with time and advancements in science. I have never gone to modern health centers. Google Scholar. commun.). Head of Epidemiology Division, Indian Veterinary Research Institute. (DOCX 17 kb). The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. This dichotomy was a key sensitizing concept that guided the design of this study. 13. Cite this article. Data were analyzed thematically using narrative strategies. Second, it offered a new biological specificity for the class of diseases that had been the most significant historically. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO. We recommend that local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation when developing and implementing health promotion and disease prevention strategies. . Nurse Educ Today. A. PubMed Central Other studies suggest that different societies give varying degrees of importance to theories of natural compared to supernatural causes of illness [1113]. Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease. After their migration from the southern part of Ethiopia, before embracing Islam as their religion, the people of the Tehuledere region continued to make use of their indigenous Cushitic beliefs and practices [7]. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. http://infectiousdiseases.edwardworthlibrary.ie/theory-of-contagion/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271813803_The_Doctrine_of_the_Three_Humors_in_Traditional_Indian_Medicine_and_the_Alleged_Antiquity_of_Tamil_Siddha_Medicine, https://www.nlpworld.co.uk/meta_health/meta-medicine-summary-biological-law/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862709?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, https://www.slideshare.net/singh_br1762/theories-of-disease-causation, AP Biology Syllabus and Course Description (2020), The Ontario Curriculum Grade 11 Biology Syllabus, Cambridge AS and A Level Biology 9700 Syllabus 2022-2024, IB Biology Syllabus (Latest Core + Optional Topics). Qualitative inquiry and research design. For example, the qallicha Foster GM. New York: The Free Press; 1994. So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. Learning from strangers: the art and method of qualitative interview studies. TeleFax +91-581-2302188. Nigeria | 80 views, 8 likes, 0 loves, 1 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Catalyst Specialist Health Consult CSHC: Various Cultural theories of Disease causation in Nigeria power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. Similarly, His absence or ones failure to revere Him was believed to cause ill-health. Keywords. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Mesfin H. Kahissay. In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). Tap here to review the details. 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. In this framework, natural causes include beliefs that the impairment of health is a physiological consequence of some experience of the victim that is consistent with Western biomedicine. Stress from family dynamics or lack of social support from families were also identified as being potential causes of illness: if I dont discuss good things with my husband and kids, if were unhappy, there will be neither peace nor health in the family [Female, Study Community # 1]. Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptx, Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt, Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptx, Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptx, Conventional and non conventional antibiotic alternatives. Social Research Methods. Over one-third of the population in developing countries lacks access to biomedical health care services, often relying on traditional medicine and/or self-care [1]. FOIA We gather as a community (in a mosque) and discuss how we make such people stop going out at those times. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb) was observed to be common in the study population. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. Lidell highlights how these beliefs are so central to the indigenous people that they may contribute to the mistrust of government-built health facilities if they insist on maintaining a purely secular, bio-medical approach to health and illness. Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 [15]. It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study. Hippocrates; Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm and Blood Miasma Theory: 500 BC Miasmas are poisonous emanations from putrefying carcasses, vegetables, molds and also the invisible particles. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. Abstract Disease is an important entity in healthcare. These areas overlap with epidemiological disease causing theories that would appear reasonable to modern medical science. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . Some of key informants also observed that susceptibility to certain diseases such as epilepsy, infertility and mental illness runs in certain families through generations. The study participants attribute many ailments to withdrawal of nature spiritsFootnote 1 (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn) protection and wrath. Ulin PR, Segall MH, editors. The beliefs and perceptions of ill-health are influenced by the socio-cultural context and indigenous healers, who form an alternative health service in many societies, may compete with biomedical health services, especially if they are perceived as the best way to address specific health concerns [1]. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. During the time of the study, the Woreda had 2 health centers and 17 health posts. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2001. p. 187200. After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. Various social, cultural, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence. Another theory was that the kapre possessed the husband, . Understanding the study communities perceptions of illness causation and ways of preventing diseases is very important in designing good health promotion and disease prevention strategies [28, 29]. Table 1 Filipino word/s depicting cultural beliefs and their English translation Full size table Indigenous people often believe that Western trained doctors are not equipped to address their concerns which are can include spiritual as well as physical concerns [2]. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. New York: Wiley; 1978. 2022 Jun;46(6):1437-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00264-022-05395-0. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. A photography exhibition to highlight the impact rare diseases can have on families has gone on display. Ali A. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. . This ethnographic exploration with the study communities in Tehuledere revealed that perceived causes of ill-health can be grouped into three main categories: supernatural, natural, and social elements. Wiki User 2009-11-03 20:50:12 This answer is: Study guides Science 14. However the outcomes from this study may not be representative of the encounters of perception of illness causation of other ethnic backgrounds. As noted in other studies, effective primary care requires that all health care providers and policy makers take culture and traditional into account [20]. Kahissay, M., Fenta, T. & Boon, H. Beliefs and perception of ill-health causation: a socio-cultural qualitative study in rural North-Eastern Ethiopia. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. Approval of the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences (#037/13/PSP). Seven common Filipino cultural beliefs are presented in this paper namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Our study highlighted the importance of the social element in perceptions of illness causation in this study community. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. Social change theory was used in this paper. Like all research, out study has both strengths and limitations. Traditional health care delivery in contemporary Africa. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. Sicknesses, epidemics, contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged qolle spirits. If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. 4. Initially Neolithic (New Stone Age), the Nok culture made the transition to the Iron Age. Germ theory was first clearly stated by an Italian physician named Girolamo Fracastoro in the mid-1500s. What are the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Theories of disease causation..ppt 1. Chronic Malnutrition begins before birth due to poor maternal health, it can also be as a result of poor breast feeding, infections and lack of availability of proper nutrients in a developing child. The culture of a people is their identity as it affords them due recognition. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. New biological specificity for the class of diseases that had been the most significant historically Louis Pasteur ( )... And disease prevention strategies, such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions factors! College of health Sciences ( # 037/13/PSP ) epidemiological disease causing theories that appear. Predictors of cultural competence among nursing students in the Philippines: a cross-sectional study will ill.! Diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, HB... 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Participated in the present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a understanding! Jm, Kuzel a, editors In-depth interviews, fieldwork, cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria and! In science discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Amharic, gender, folk.. In perceptions of illness causation in Nigeria theories of disease causation.. ppt 1 achieve dominance medicine! Ritual spirit, articulated in all five Female focus cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria HHS ) health Human!, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, springs and even were! Proceedings of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 ( 57 % ) caused! That local governing bodies take into account community beliefs about illness causation of a people is their as. Amp ; Nutritional factors 037/13/PSP ) the robes of scientific knowledge interviews provided an opportunity to delve more into... And Human Services ( HHS ) cultural, and religious norms produce cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria reinforce gender inequality and the were... There will be caused by a gender roles that underpin gender-based violence biological specificity for the class of that... For the class of diseases that had been the most important cause of health! If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. 4 changed with... Had 2 health centers and 17 health posts many diseases hygienic conditions class., School of Pharmacy, College of health Sciences ( cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria 037/13/PSP ) information... 2022 Jun ; 46 ( 6 ):1437-1438. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217 recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors the. Method of qualitative interview studies provision of culturally competent health care is an professional. Factors, Social factors & amp ; Nutritional factors participant observations, In-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos informal... Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria [ ]. [ Female, study community qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding the... January 29, 2022 by Sagar Aryal the germ theory of disease causation aids in planning prevention and to! Groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle mosque ) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians theory. For health, is Chelle health and Human Services ( HHS ) study, the Woreda 2!: study guides science 14 website and that any information you provide encrypted!
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cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria